Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
Поддержание определённого баланса между синтезом и распадом белков в скелетных мышцах является необходимым условием для нормального роста и здоровья животных. Цель данной работы - систематизация современных представлений о сигнальных путях и факторах регуляции, вовлечённых в координацию процессов синтеза и обновления белков в скелетно-мышечных тканях. Анаболические и катаболические стимулы интегрируются посредством передачи сигналов в системах, контролируюших процессы синтеза и распада структурных белков скелетных мышц. В периоды интенсивного роста накопление мышечной массы стимулируется увеличением синтеза белка на уровне трансляции мРНК, а клеточный пул мРНК зависит от количества ядер. Поэтому интенсивный синтез белков у растущих животных обусловлен высоким темпом накопления ядер, а с возрастом этот процесс снижается, и количество ядер на единицу длины мышечного волокна выходит на уровень плато. Генетические факторы, гормоны, аминокислоты, фитоэкдистероиды, роданины, β-адренергические агонисты, томатидин, урсоловая кислота влияют на метаболизм белка через сигнальные пути, изменяя эффективность мышечного роста. На протяжении всей жизни в скелетных мышцах функционируют несколько протеолитических систем, включая аутофагию, лизосомальную систему, убиквитин-протеасомный путь, кальций-зависимые кальпаины и семейство каспаз (протеаз, расщепляющих белок по аспартату). Несколько сетей передачи сигналов направляют и координируют эти процессы, способствуя поддержанию белкового гомеостаза. Учёт этих факторов даёт определённые ориентиры для выработки рекомендаций по повышению эффективности конверсии корма и качества мясной продукции.
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