Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»

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ПРОТЕАЗЫ В КОРМЛЕНИИ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ: МЕХАНИЗМЫ ДЕЙСТВИЯ, ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Остренко К.С., Сафаров В.В.

ВНИИ физиологии, биохимии и питания – филиал ФИЦ животноводства –

ВИЖ им. Л.К. Эрнста, г. Боровск, Калужской области Российская Федерация

Номер: 1
Страницы: 5-19

Журнал: Проблемы биологии продуктивных животных

Ключевые слова:

бройлеры, кормовые белки, протеаза, усвояемость аминокислот, ферментативный синергизм, экзогенные ферменты

Аннотация:

Современное высокоинтенсивное бройлерное производство сталкивается с дилеммой: необходимостью обеспечить рационы, сбалансированные по доступным аминокислотам для реализации генетического потенциала, и высокой стоимостью, волатильностью цен, а также экологическими издержками традиционных высококачественных белковых кормов (соевый шрот, рыбная мука). Ключевым лимитирующим фактором использования более доступного растительного сырья является низкая биодоступность его протеина, обусловленная комплексом антипитательных факторов и, главным образом, его интеграцией в структурные комплексы клеточной стенки посредством ковалентных (дитирозиновые сшивки) и нековалентных (ионные, гидрофобные) связей с полисахаридами. Данный обзор систематизирует современные научные представления о механизмах действия экзогенных протеаз как стратегического инструмента для решения этой проблемы. Показано, что их эффективность выходит далеко за рамки прямого гидролиза пептидных связей. Она основана на синергии с карбогидразами (ксиланазами, β-глюканазами), обеспечивающей каскадную дезинтеграцию устойчивых белково-полисахаридных комплексов. Такой кооперативный катализ имитирует природные микробные консорциумы и приводит к значительному увеличению доступной поверхности белка, что доказано методами конфокальной микроскопии. Более того, повышенный поток пептидов, образующийся в результате такого гидролиза, запускает многоуровневую адаптивную программу организма-хозяина. На уровне энтероцитов индуцируется экспрессия транспортера пептидов PepT1, на системном уровне – снижается секреция панкреатических протеаз, что экономит эндогенный азот. Ключевым гормональным следствием является активация оси инсулиноподобного фактора роста-1 (IGF-1), опосредованная лейцином и аргинином, что смещает метаболический гомеостаз в сторону мышечного анаболизма. Комплексный анализ демонстрирует, что интеграция синергичных ферментных комплексов делает технологически и экономически осуществимой стратегию прецизионного низкопротеинового кормления. Эта стратегия позволяет снизить уровень сырого протеина в рационе на 2-4%, обеспечивая снижение себестоимости корма на 4-6%, поддержание продуктивности и, что критически важно, сокращение экскреции азота на 15-18%, что соответствует принципам устойчивого развития. Таким образом, протеазы трансформируются из простого аддитива в технологию прецизионного управления нутриентным потоком и метаболизмом, обеспечивая переход к ресурсоэффективной и экологически ответственной модели птицеводства.

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