Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
ФОТОПЕРИОДИЧЕСКАЯ РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО СТАТУСА: НЕЙРОЭНДОКРИННЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ СЕЗОННОГО РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ И ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ МЕЛАТОНИНА (обзор)
- Номер: 3
- Страницы: 5-30
Журнал: Проблемы биологии продуктивных животных
Аннотация:
Фотопериод является экологическим фактором, позволяющим светочувствительным организмам синхронизировать циркадные (суточные) и цирканнуальные (сезонные) ритмы с биохимической, физиологической и поведенческой активностью. Выраженность нейроэндокринных механизмов трансляции в биологические ритмы изменений продолжительности светового зависит от ночной продолжительности секреции мелатонина в эпифизе. Основные разделы обзора: ключевые факторы фотонейроэндокринной регуляции репродуктивного статуса у животных (роль фотопериодизма в сезонном размножении животных; мелатонин и его рецепторы; рars tuberalis как сайт контроля сезонного размножения; танициты как регуляторы сезонных циклов нейроэндокринных функций; роль гипоталамического кисспептина в регуляции сезонного размножения); фотопериодические изменения состояния жировых депо и энергетического метаболизма у млекопитающих; особенности световой регуляции репродуктивных процессов у птиц, млекопитающих и рыб. Основным участком действия мелатонина является pars tuberalis (PT), область стебля гипофиза, примыкающая к гипоталамусу. Под действием мелатонина с участием цАМФ и компонентов молекулярных часов индуцируется «сезонный» запуск синтеза и секреции тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ). К компонентам системы, ответственной за периодические изменения в сезонной физиологии животных, также относят танициты – специализированные эпендимные клетки в медиобазальной области гипоталамуса. В таницитах выявлены существенные ежегодные изменения в экспрессии генов, связанных с транспортом и метаболизмом ТТГ в гипоталамусе. Гипофизарный ТТГ регулирует экспрессию гонадотропинов (ЛГ и ФСГ) в гипофизе с участием dio-2-экспрессирующих таницитов, гипоталамического кисспептина (КП) и гонадотропин-рилизинг-гормона (ГнРГ). Снижение функции нейронов КП, наблюдаемое в период анэструса, можно корректировать введением КП, вызывающего овуляцию у сезонно неактивных самок. Последовательные изменения в локальной доступности ТТГ в гипоталамусе регулируют годовые циклы потребления, хранения и расходования энергии у сезонно размножающихся видов. Это проявляется в сезонных изменениях потребления корма, состава жировой ткани и состояния организма (спячка/активность). В целом, учёт фактора сезонности в процессах размножения является важнейшей составляющей в стратегиях поддержания выживаемости потомства и сохранения видов животных.
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