Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
Тепловой стресс вызывает у домашней птицы широкий спектр поведенческих, физио-логических и иммунологических изменений, что приводит к снижению потребления корма, скорости роста, яйценоскости, инкубационных и товарных качеств яиц, жизнеспособности птиц. Цель обзора - систематизация современных представлений о физиологических механизмах адаптации продуктивной птицы к тепловому стрессу. Основные разделы: физиолого-биохимические изменения в системах терморегуляции и обмена веществ при тепловом стрессе у птицы; влияние теплового стресса на обмен белков у птиц; гиперэкспрессия белков теплового шока при тепловом стрессе; роль аминокислот в процессах адаптации цыплят-бройлеров к тепловому стрессу. В настоящее время много внимания уделяется поиску эффективных методов снижения негативного действия теплового стресса, в частности, роли добавок аминокислот (например, глутамина, цистеина, лейцина, аргинина, триптофана) в снижении последствий теплового стресса у стрессированных бройлеров. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования, в том числе на молекулярном уровне, для разработки эффективных методов нейтрализации негативных эффектов теплового стресса. Требуется прояснение механизмов и фактиоров, участвующих в развитии толерантности к тепловому стрессу. Поскольку тепловой стресс представляет собой серьёзную проблему для птицеводства, дальнейший прогресс в этих исследованиях будет способствовать её преодолению
1. Енгашев С.В., Германов С.Б., Мельниченко В.И., Енгашева Е.С., Хомишин Д.В., Лопашев Р.С., Лесниченко И.Ю. Способ купирования теплового стресса у кур: патент на изобретение РФ № 2602199. 2016. Бюлл. №31.
2. Еримбетов К.Т., Обвинцева О.В., Соловьева А.Г., Федорова А.В., Земляной Р.А. Сигнальные пути и факторы регуляции синтеза и распада белков в скелетных мышцах (обзор). // Проблемы биологии продуктивных животных. 2020. № 1. С. 24-33.
3. Маркин Ю.В., Спиридонов Д.Н., Зевакова В.К., Полунина С.В. Тепловой стресс: теория и практика. // Птицы и птицепродукты. 2011. № 3. С. 37-40.
4. Фисинин В.И. Кавтарашвили А.Ш. Тепловой стресс у птицы. Сообщение I. Опасность, физиологические изменения в организме, признаки и проявления. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2015. Т. 50. № 2. С. 162-171.
5. Фисинин В.И. Кавтарашвили А.Ш. Тепловой стресс у птицы. Сообщение II. Методы и способы профилактики и смягчения. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2015. Т. 50. № 4. С. 441-443.
6. Явников Н.В. Стратегия борьбы с тепловым стрессом в птицеводстве. // Аграрная наука. 2020. Т. 339. № 6. С. 25-28. doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-339-6-25-28.
7. Abdel-Moneim A.E., Shehata A.M., Khidr R.E., Paswan V.K., Ibrahim N.S., El-Ghoul A.A., Aldhumri S.A., Gabr S.A., Mesalam N.M., Elbaz A.M., Elsayed M.A., Wakwak M.M., Ebeid T.A. Nutritional manipulation to combat heat stress in poultry - A comprehensive review. // J. Therm. Biol. 2021. Vol. 98: 102915. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102915.
8. Al-Aqil A., Zulkifli I. Changes in heat shock protein 70 expression and blood characteristics in transported broiler chickens as affected by housing and early age feed restriction. // Poult. Sci. 2009. Vol. 88. P. 1358-1364. doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00554.
9. Al Wakeel R.A., Shukry M., Azeez A.A., Mahmoud S., Saad M.F. Alleviation by gamma aminobutyric acid supplementation of chronic heat stress-induced degenerative changes in jejunum in commercial broiler chickens. // Stress. 2017. Vol. 6. P. 562-572. doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1377177.
10. Amiri M., Ghasemi H.A., Hajkhodadadi I., Farahani A.H.K. Efficacy of guanidinoacetic acid at different dietary crude protein levels on growth performance, stress indicators, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress. // Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2019. Vol. 254. P. 114208. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114208.
11. Attia Y.A., Bovera F., Wang J., Al-Harthi M.A., Kim W.K. Multiple amino acid supplementations to low-protein diets: Effect on performance, carcass yield, meat quality and nitrogen excretion of finishing broilers under hot climate conditions. // Animals. 2020. Vol. 10. P. 973. doi: 10.3390/ani10060973.
12. Ayo J. O., Ogbuagu N. E. Heat stress, haematology and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens: insight into impact and antioxidant-induced amelioration. // World's Poultry Science Journal. 2021. Vol. 77. nr 4. P. 949-968, DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959279.
13. Bakthisaran R., Tangirala R., Rao C.M. Small heat shock proteins: Role in cellular functions and pathology. //Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom. 2015. Vol. 1854. P, 291-319. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.019.
14. Baumgard L.H., Rhoads R.P. Jr. Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics. // Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2013. Vol. 1. P. 311-337. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103644.
15. Baxter M.F.A., Greene E.S., Kidd M.T., Tellez-Isaias G., Orlowski S., Dridi S. Water amino acid-chelated trace mineral supplementation decreases circulating and intestinal HSP70 and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in heat-stressed broiler chickens. // J. Anim. Sci. 2020. Vol. 98. nr 3. P. 1049. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa049.
16. Chaiyabutr N. Physiological reactions of poultry to heat stress and methods to reduce its effects on poultry production. // Thai J. Vet. Med. 2004. Vol. 34. P.17-30.
17. Chowdhury V.S. Heat stress biomarker amino acids and neuropeptide afford thermotolerance in chicks. // J. Poult. Sci. 2019. Vol. 56. P. 1-11. doi: 10.2141/jpsa.0180024.
18. Chowdhury V.S., Han G., Bahry M.A., Tran P.V., Do P.H., Yang H., Furuse M. L-Citrulline acts as potential hypothermic agent to afford thermotolerance in chicks. // Journal of Thermal Biology. 2017. Vol. 69. P. 163-170.
19. Chowdhury V.S., Shigemura A., Erwan E., Ito K., Bahry M.A., Tran P.V., Furuse M. Oral administration of L-citrulline, but not L-arginine or L-ornithine, acts as a hypothermic agent in chicks. // J. Poult. Sci. 2015. Vol. 52. P. 331-335.
20. Chowdhury V.S., Han G., Eltahan H.M., Haraguchi S., Gilbert E.R., Cline M.A., Cockrem J.F., Bungo T., Furuse M. Potential role of amino acids in the adaptation of chicks and market-age broilers to heat stress. // Front. Vet. Sci. 2021. Vol. 7. P. 610541. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.610541.
21. Curis E. Nicolis I., Moinard C., Osowska S., Zerrouk N., Bénazeth S., Cynober L. Almost all about citrulline in mammals. // Amino Acids. 2005. Vol. 29. P. 177-205.
22. Dai S., Wang L., Wen A., Wang L. Protection of glutamine supplementation to performance, intestinal enzyme activity and morphosis in broiler under heat stress. // J. Chin. Cereals Oils Assoc. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 103-107.
23. Del Vesco A.P., Gasparino E., Grieser D.O., Zancanela V., Voltolini D.M., Khatlab A.S., Guimarães S.E., Soares M.A., Oliveira Neto A.R. Effects of methionine supplementation on the expression of protein deposition-related genes in acute heat stress-exposed broilers. // PLoS One. 2015. Feb 25. Vol. 10. nr 2. P. e0115821. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115821.
24. De Maio A., Vazquez D. Extracellular heat shock proteins: A new location, a new function. // Shock. 2015. Vol. 40. P. 239-246. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182a185ab.
25. Donald D.B., William D.W. Commercial chicken meat and egg production. New York: Kluwer Academic Publ., 2002. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0811-3.
26. Dridi J.S., Greene E.S., Maynard C.W., Brugaletta G., Ramser A., Christopher C.J., Campagna S.R., Castro H.F., Dridi S. Duodenal metabolic profile changes in heat-stressed broilers. // Animals (Basel). 2022. Vol. 12. nr 11. P. 1337. doi: 10.3390/ani12111337.
27. El-Naggar K., El-Kassas S., Abdo S.E., Kirrella A.K.K., Wakeel R.A.A. Role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in regulating feed intake in commercial broilers reared under normal and heat stress conditions. // J. Therm. Biol. 2019. Vol. 84. P. 164 -175. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.004.
28. El-Tarabany M.S., Ahmed-Farid O.A., Nassan M.A., Salah A.S. Oxidative Stability, Carcass Traits, and Muscle Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens. // Antioxidants (Basel). 2021. Vol. 10. nr 11. P. 1725. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111725.
29. Farag M.R., Alagawany M. Physiological alterations of poultry to the high environmental temperature. // J. Therm. Biol. 2018. Vol. 76. P. 101-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.012.
30. Firman J.D., Boling S. Lysine: Ideal protein in turkeys. // Poult. Sci. 1998. Vol. 77. P. 105-110. doi: 10.1093/ps/77.1.105.
31. Frier B.C., Locke M. Heat stress inhibits skeletal muscle hypertrophy. // Cell. Stress Chapers. 2007. Vol. 12. P. 132-141. doi: 10.1379/CSC-233R.1.
32. Givens D.I. Milk and meat in our diet: Good or bad for health? // Animals. 2010. Vol. 4. P. 1941-1952. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110001503.
33. Gonzalez-Esquerra R., Leeson S. Physiological and metabolic responses of broilers to heat stress - implications for protein and amino acid nutrition. // World’s Poult. Sci. J. 2019. Vol. 62. nr 2. P. 282-295. doi: 10.1079/wps200597
34. Gonzalez-Esquerra R., Leeson S. Effects of acute versus chronic heat stress on broiler response to dietary protein. // Poult. Sci. 2005. Vol. 84. P. 1562–1569. doi: 10.1093/ps/84.10.1562.
35. Habashy W.S., Milfort M.C., Adomako K., Attia Y.A., Rekaya R., Aggrey S.E. Effect of heat stress on amino acid digestibility and transporters in meat-type chickens. // Poult. Sci. 2017. Vol. 96. nr 7. P. 2312-2319. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex027.
36. Han G., Yang H., Wang Y., Zhang R., Tashiro K., Bungo T., Furuse M., Chowdhury V.S. Effects of in ovo feeding of L-leucine on amino acids metabolism and heat-shock protein-70, and -90 mRNA expression in heat-exposed chicks. // Poult. Sci. 2019. Vol. 98. nr3. P. 1243-1253. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey444.
37. Han G., Ouchi Y., Hirota T., Haraguchi S., Miyazaki T., Arakawa T., Masuhara N., Mizunoy W., Tatsumi R., Tashiro K., Bungo T., Furuse M., Chowdhury V.S. Effects of l-leucine in ovo feeding on thermotolerance, growth and amino acid metabolism under heat stress in broilers. // Animal. 2020. Vol. 14. nr 8. P. 1701-1709. doi: 10.1017/S1751731120000464.
38. Hara T., Ohtsuka A., Hayashi K. Role of Ca2+ in corticosterone-induced muscle growth retardation. // Anim. Sci. J. 2002. Vol. 73. P. 383-387.
39. Hu H., Dai S., Li J., Wen A., Bai X. Glutamine improves heat stress-induced oxidative damage in the broiler thigh muscle by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway. // Poult Sci. 2020. Vol. 99. P.1454 -1461. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.001.
40. Hubbard A.H., Zhang X., Jastrebski S., Singh A., Schmidt C. Understanding the liver under heat stress with statistical learning: an integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics computational approach. // BMC Genom. 2019. Vol. 20. P. 502. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5823-x.
41. Ito K., Erwan E., Nagasawa M., Furuse M., Chowdhury V.S. Changes in free amino acid concentrations in the blood, brain and muscle of heat exposed chicks. // Br. Poult. Sci. 2014. Vol. 55. P. 644-652. 10.1080/00071668.2014.957653
42. Jafari M.J., Iranpour S., Gravandi S., Tehrani B.J., Askari M., Omidi A., Nasori M. The effects of heat stress exposure on free amino acid concentrations within the plasma and the brain of heat-exposed chicks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. // J Therm Biol. 2021. Vol. 97. P. 102872. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102872.
43. Joo M.A., Kim E.Y. Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse. Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. // 2013. Vol. 18. P. 95. doi: 10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95.
44. Kampinga H.H., Craig E.A. The HSP70 chaperone machinery: J proteins as drivers of functional specificity. // Nat. Rev. Mol. 2010. Vol. 11. P. 579-592. doi: 10.1038/nrm2941.
45. Khan R., Naz S., Nikousefat Z., Selvaggi M., Laudadio V., Tufarelli V. Effect of ascorbic acid in heat-stressed poultry. // World Poult. Sci. J. 2012. Vol. 68. P. 477. doi: 10.1017/S004393391200058X.
46. Khan R.U., Naz S., Ullah H., Ullah Q., Laudadio V., Qudratullah, Bozzo G., Tufarelli V. Physiological dynamics in broiler chickens under heat stress and possible mitigation strategies. // Anim. Biotechnol. 2021. Vol. 2. P. 1-10. doi: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1972005.
47. Kim J.Y., Yenari M.A. The immune modulating properties of the heat shock proteins after brain injury. // Anat. Cell Biol. 2013. Vol. 46. P. 1-7. doi: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.1.
48. Kpomasse C.C., Oke O.E., Houndonougbo F.M., Tona K. Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Vet Med Sci. 2021. Vol.7. nr 3. P. 831-842. doi: 10.1002/vms3.435.
49. Leinonen I., Williams A.G., Kyriazakis I. The effects of welfare-enhancing system changes on the environmental impacts of broiler and egg production. // Poult. Sci. 2014. Vol. 93. P. 256-266. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03252.
50. Liu L., Ren M., Ren K., Jin Y., Yan M. Heat stress impacts on broiler performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. // Poult. Sci. 2020. Vol. 99. P. 6205-6211. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.019.
51. Liu L.L., He J.H., Xie H.B., Yang Y.S., Li J.C., Zou Y. Resveratrol induces antioxidant and heat shock protein mRNA expression in response to heat stress in black-boned chickens. // Poult. Sci. 2014. Vol. 93. P. 54-62. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03423.
52. Liu W.C., Pan Z.Y., Zhao Y., Guo Y., Qiu S.J., Balasubramanian B., Jha R. Effects of heat stress on production performance, redox status, intestinal morphology and barrier-related gene expression, cecal microbiome, and metabolome in indigenous broiler chickens. // Front Physiol. 2022. Vol. 13. P. 890520. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.890520.
53. Luo S., Levine R.L. Methionine in proteins defends against oxidative stress. // FASEB J. 2009. Vol. 23. P. 464-472. doi:10.1096/fj.08-118414.
54. Ma B., Zhang L., Li J., Xing T., Jiang Y., Gao F. Heat stress alters muscle protein and amino acid metabolism and accelerates liver gluconeogenesis for energy supply in broilers. // Poult. Sci. 2021. Vol. 100. P. 215-223. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.090.
55. Maeda E., Kimura S., Yamada M., Tashiro M., Ohashi T. Enhanced gap junction intercellular communication inhibits catabolic and pro-inflammatory responses in tenocytes against heat stress. // J. Cell. Comm. Signal. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 369-380. doi:10.1007/s12079-017-0397-3.
56. Mahmoud K.Z., Edens F.W., Eisen E.J., Havenstein G.B. The effect of dietary phosphorus on heat shock protein mRNAs during acute heat stress in male broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004. Vol. 137. P. 11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2003.10.013.
57. Majekodunmi B., Ogunwole O., Sokunbi O. Effect of supplemental electrolytes and ascorbic acid on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler raised during high temperature period in Nigeria. // Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2012. Vol. 11. P. 125-135. doi: 10.3923/ijps.2012.125.130.
58. Mariante A.S., Albuquerque M.S.M., Egito A.A., Mcmanus C. Present status of the conservation of livestock genetic resources in Brazil. // Livest. Sci. 2009. Vol. 120. P. 204-212. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07.007.
59. Mezquita B., Mezquita C., Mezquita J. Marked differences between avian and mammalian testicular cells in the heat shock induction and polyadenylation of Hsp70 and ubiquitin transcripts. // FEBS Lett. 1998. Vol. 436. P. 382-386. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01172-7.
60. Ming J., Xie J., Xu P., Liu W., Ge X., Liu B., He Y., Cheng Y., Zhou Q., Pan L. Molecular cloning and expression of two HSP70 genes in the Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih). // Fish Shellfish Immun. 2010. Vol. 28. P. 407-418. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.018.
61. Mottet A., Tempio G. Global poultry production: Current state and future outlook and challenges. // World’s Poult. Sci. J. 2017. Vol. 73. P. 245-256. doi: 10.1017/S0043933917000071.
62. Naga Raja Kumari K., Narendra Nath D. Ameliorative measures to counter heat stress in poultry. // World Poult. Sci. J. 2018. Vol. 74. P. 117-130. doi: 10.1017/S0043933917001003.
63. Ognik K., Sembratowicz I. Stress as a factor modifying the metabolism in poultry. A review. // Annales UMCS Zootech. 2012. Vol. 30. P. 34–43. doi: 10.2478/v10083-012-0010-4.
64. Olubodun J.O., Zulkifli I., Farjam A.S., Hair-Bejo M., Kasim A. Glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation enhances performance of broiler chickens under the hot and humid tropical condition. // Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. Vol. 14. P. 3263. doi: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3263.
65. Ostrowski-Meissner H.T. The physiological and biochemical responses of broilers exposed to short-term thermal stress. // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol. 1981. Vol. 70. P. 1-8. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90383-2.
66. Palmer R.M.J., Ferrige A.G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. // Nature. 1987. Vol. 237. P. 524-526.
67. Pereira P.M.D.C.C., Vicente A.F.D.R.B. Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet. // Meat Sci. 2013. Vol. 93. P. 586-592. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.018.
68. Perini F., Cendron F., Rovelli G., Castellini C., Cassandro M., Lasagna E. Emerging genetic tools to investigate molecular pathways related to heat stress in chickens: A review. //Animals. 2021. Vol. 11. P. 46-55. doi: 10.3390/ani11010046.
69. Pijarska I., Czech A., Malec H., Tymczyna L. Effect of road transportation of chicks on blood biochemical indices and productive results of broilers. // Vet. Med. 2006. Vol. 62. P. 408-410.
70. Porto M., Givisiez P., Saraiva E., Costa F., Moreira Filho A., Andrade M., Brandão P., Guerra R. Glutamic acid improves body weight gain and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens submitted to heat stress. // Rev. Brasil. de Ciência Avíc. 2015. Vol. 17. P. 355-362. doi: 10.1590/1516-635x1703355-362.
71. Qaid M.M., Al-Garadi M.A. Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: a review. // Animals (Basel). 2021. Vol. 11. nr 4. P. 1167. doi: 10.3390/ani11041167.
72. Qaid M.M., Abdelrahman M.M. Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism -A review. // Cogent Food Agric. 2016. Vol. 2. Nonr 6. P. 76-91. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1267691.
73. Roushdy E.M., Zaglool A.W., El-Tarabany M.S. Effects of chronic thermal stress on growth performance, carcass traits, antioxidant indices and the expression of HSP70, growth hormone and superoxide dismutase genes in two broiler strains. // J. Therm. Biol. 2018. Vol. 74. P. 337-343. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.009.
74. Shakeri M., Oskoueian E., Le H.H., Shakeri M. Strategies to combat heat stress in broiler chickens: Unveiling the roles of selenium, vitamin E and vitamin C. // Vet. Sci. 2020. Vol. 7. P. 71-80. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7020071.
75. Sharp F.R., Massa S.M., Swanson R.A. Heat-shock protein protection. // Trends Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 22. P. 97-99. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01392-7.
76. Siddiqui S.H., Kang D., Park J., Khan M., Shim K. Chronic heat stress regulates the relation between heat shock protein and immunity in broiler small intestine. // Sci. Rep. 2020. Vol. 10. P. 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75885-x.
77. Siegel H.V., van Kampen M. Energy relationships in growing chickens given daily injections of corticosterone. // Br. Poult. Sci. 1984. Vol. 25. P. 477-485. doi: 10.1080/00071668408454889.
78. Siegel H.V., van Kampen M. Energy relationships in growing chickens given daily injections of corticosterone. // Br. Poult. Sci. 1984. Vol. 25. P. 477-485. doi: 10.1080/00071668408454889.
79. Soleimani A.F., Zulkifli I., Omar A.R., Raha A.R. Physiological responses of 3 chicken breeds to acute heat stress. // Poult. Sci. 2011. Vol. 90. P. 1435-1440. doi: 10.3382/ps.2011-01381.
80. Syafwan S., Kwakkel R., Verstegen M. Heat stress and feeding strategies in meat-type chickens. // World Poult. Sci. J. 2011. Vol. 67. P. 653-674. doi: 10.1017/S0043933911000742.
81. Suenaga R., Yamane H., Tomonaga S., Asechi M., Adachi N., Tsuneyoshi Y., Kurauchi I., Sato H., Denbow D.M., Furuse M. Central L-arginine reduced stress responses are mediated by Lornithine in neonatal chicks. // Amino Acids. 2008. Vol. 35. P. 107-113.
82. Suganya T., Senthilkumar S., Deepa K., Amutha R. Nutritional management to alleviate heat stress in broilers. // Int. J. Sci. Environ Technol. 2015. Vol. 4. nr 3. P. 661-666.
83. Szabo C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. // Brain Res. Bull. 1996. Vol. 41. P. 131-141. Slawinska A., Mendes S., Dunislawska A., Siwek M., Zampiga M., Sirri F., Meluzzi A., Tavaniello S., Maiorano G. Avian model to mitigate gut-derived immune response and oxidative stress during heat. // BioSystems. 2019. Vol. 178. P. 10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.01.007.
84. Tang S., Zhou S., Yin B., Xu J., Di L., Zhang J., Bao E. Heat stress-induced renal damage in poultry and the protective effects of HSP60 and HSP47. // Cell Stress Chaperones. 2018. Vol. 23. P. 1033-1040. doi: 10.1007/s12192-018-0912-3.
85. Tamir H, Ratner S. Enzymes of arginine metabolism in chicks. // Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1963. Vol. 102. P. 249-258.
86. Temim S., Chagneau A.-M., Peresson R., Tesseraud S. Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens fed 20 or 25% protein diets. // J. Nutr. 2000. Vol. 130. P. 813-819. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.4.813.
87. Temim S., Chagneau A.-M., Guillaumin S., Michel J., Peresson R., Geraert P.-A., Tesseraud S. Effects of chronic heat exposure and protein intake on growth performance, nitrogen retention and muscle development in broiler chickens. // Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 1999. Vol. 39. P. 145-156. doi: 10.1051/rnd:19990147.
88. Toplu H.D.O., Oral D., Nazligul A., Karaarslan S., Kaya M., Yagin O. Effects of heat conditioning and dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics in heat-stressed broilers. // Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014. Vol. 61. P. 295–302. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002645.
89. Tsahar E., Arad Z., Izhaki I., Guglielmo C.G. The relationship between uric acid and its oxidative product allantoin: A potential indicator for the evaluation of oxidative stress in birds. // J. Comp. Physiol. B. 2006. P. 176. P. 653-661. doi: 10.1007/s00360-006-0088-5.
90. Uyanga V.A., Wang M., Tong T., Zhao J., Wang X., Jiao H., Onagbesan O.M., Lin H. L-Citrulline influences the body temperature, heat shock response and nitric oxide regeneration of broilers under thermoneutral and heat stress condition. // Front Physiol. 2021. Vol. 12. P. 671691. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.671691.
91. Uyanga V.A., Oke E.O., Amevor F.K., Zhao J., Wang X., Jiao H., Onagbesan O.M., Lin H. Functional roles of taurine, L-theanine, L-citrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultry. // J. Anim. Sci. Biotechn. 2022. Vol.13. nr 1. P. 23. doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00675-6.
92. Virden W., Kidd M. Physiological stress in broilers: Ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses. // J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2009. Vol.18. P. 338–347. doi: 10.3382/japr.2007-00093.
93. Wasti S., Sah N., Mishra B. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies. // Animals (Basel). 2020. Vol. 10. nr 8. P. 1266. doi: 10.3390/ani10081266.
94. Wen H., Naito K., Kinoshita Y., Kobayashi H., Honjoh K., Tashiro K., Miyamoto T. Changes in transcription during recovery from heat injury in Salmonella typhimurium and effects of BCAA on recovery. // Amino Acids. 2012. Vol. 42. P. 2059-2066. doi: 10.1007/s00726-011-0934-y.
95. Windmueller H.G., Spaeth A.E. Source and fate of circulating citrulline. // Am. J. Physiol. 1981. Vol. 241. P. 473-480.
96. Wischmeyer P.E. Glutamine and heat shock protein expression. // Nutrition. 2002. Vol. 18. P. 225-228. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00796-1.
97. Wu Q.J., Jiao C., Liu Z.H., Cheng B.Y., Liao J.H., Zhu D.D., Ma Y., Li Y.X., Li W. Effect of glutamine on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, absorption function, and mRNA expression of intestinal transporters in heat-stressed chickens. // Res Vet Sci. 2021. Vol. 134. P. 51-57. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.002.
98. Wu G. Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. //Amino Acids. 2013. Vol. 45. P. 407-411. doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1500-6.
99. Xie J., Tang L., Lu L., Zhang L., Xi L., Liu H.C., Odle J., Luo X. Differential expression of heat shock transcription factors and heat shock proteins after acute and chronic heat stress in laying chickens (Gallus gallus). // PLoS ONE. 2014. Vol. 9. P. 102204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102204.
100. Yaman M.A., Kita K., Okumura J.-I. Various macronutrient intakes additively stimulate protein synthesis in liver and muscle of food-deprived chicks. // J. Nutr. 2000. Vol. 130. P. 70 -76. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.1.70.
101. Yang T., Liu B., Wang Y., Huang X., Yan Z., Jiang Q., Chen Q. Ellagic acid improves antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier function of heat-stressed broilers via regulating gut microbiota. // Animals (Basel). 2022. Vol. 12. nr 9. P. 1180. doi: 10.3390/ani12091180.
102. Yu J., Bao E., Yan J., Lei L. Expression and localization of Hsps in the heart and blood vessel of heat-stressed broilers. // Cell Stress Chaperones. 2008. Vol. 13. P. 327-335. doi: 10.1007/s12192-008-0031-7.
103. Yunianto V.D., Hayashit K., Kaiwda S., Ohtsuka A., Tomita Y. Effect of environmental temperature on muscle protein turnover and heat production in tube-fed broiler chickens. // Br. J. Nutr. 1997. Vol. 77. P. 897-909. doi: 10.1079/BJN19970088.
104. Zaboli G.R., Rahimi S., Shariatmadari F., Torshizi M.A., Baghbanzadeh A., Mehri M. Thermal manipulation during Pre and Post-Hatch on thermotolerance of male broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress.// Poult Sci. 2017. Vol. 96. nr 2. P. 478-485. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew344.
105. Zhou C., Gao X., Cao X., Tian G., Huang C., Guo L., Zhao Y., Hu G., Liu P., Guo X. Gut microbiota and serum metabolite potential interactions in growing layer hens exposed to high-ambient temperature. // Front Nutr. 2022. Apr 27. Vol. 9. P. 877975. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.877975.
106. Zaboli G., Huang X., Feng X., Ahn D.U. How can heat stress affect chicken meat quality? A review. // Poult. Sci. 2019. Vol. 98. P. 1551-1556. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey399.
107. Zarate A.J., Moran E.T., Burnham D.J. Exceeding essential amino acid requirements and improving their balance as a means to minimize heat stress in broilers. // J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2003. Vol. 12. nr 1. P. 37-44. doi: 10.1093/japr/12.1.37.
108. Zhu L., Liao R., Wu N., Zhu G., Yang C. Heat stress mediates changes in fecal microbiome and functional pathways of laying hens. // Appl. Microb. Biotech. 2019. Vol. 103. P. 461-472. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9465-8.
109. Zouhal H., Jacob C., Delamarche P., Gratas-Delamarche A. Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. // Sports Med. 2008. Vol. 38. P. 401-423. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838050-00004.
110. Zulkifli I., Liew P.K., Israf D.A., Omar A.R., Hair-Bejo M. Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heterophil/lymphocyte ratios, heat shock protein 70 expression and body temperature of heat-stressed broiler chickens. // J. Therm. Biol. 2003. Vol. 28. P. 217-222. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4565(02)00058-X.