Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
Себежко О.И.
Новосибирский государственный аграрный университет,
Глюкоза – универсальный энергетический субстрат для млекопитающих. Метаболизм глюкозы у жвачных животных кардинально отличается от такового у моногастричных видов. Вследствие микробной ферментации углеводов в рубце до летучих жирных кислот, основным источником глюкозы у жвачных для организма жвачных является глюконеогенез в печени из пропионата, а не прямое всасывание глюкозы из кишечника. Цель обзора – систематизация и обобщение современных данных о многоуровневых механизмах регуляции метаболизма глюкозы, имеющего ключевое значение для здоровья и продуктивности животных. Основные разделы обзора: особенности процессов переваривания углеводов и всасывания глюкозы в ЖКТ у жвачных (ферментация углеводов в рубце, поступление и переваривание крахмала в тонком кишечнике, механизмы всасывания глюкозы в энтероцитах, висцеральный метаболизм глюкозы); основные молекулярные пути в системе регуляции глюконеогенеза (глюконеогенез – центральный путь синтеза глюкозы, роль протеинкиназного пути в регуляции глюконеогенеза у жвачных, сигнальный путь Akt/PKB-FOXO1 в регуляции глюконеогенеза у жвачных, долгосрочная регуляция пути Akt/PKB-FOXO1 на уровне экспрессии генов, AMP-активируемый протеинкиназный путь, роль сигнального пути mTOR в регуляции глюконеогенеза). Результаты исследования системных механизмов регуляции синтеза и метаболизма глюкозы могут служить фундаментальной основой для разработки стратегий кормления и управления, направленных на оптимизацию энергетического обмена, здоровья и продуктивности жвачных животных, особенно высокопродуктивных коров в критические периоды лактации.
1. Аганезова Н.В., Аганезов С.С., Гогичашвили К.Э. Характеристики рецептивности эндометрия у женщин с различной толщиной эндометрия. // Акушерство, гинекология и репродукция. 2022. Т. 16, № 2. С. 108-121. doi: 10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2022.303
2. Белых Н.С., Исламиди Д.К. Нарушение регуляции пролиферативной активности клеток эндометрия как причина развития гиперпластических процессов эндометрия. // Вестник УГМУ. 2023. № 3. С. 7–21. EDN: AZGTCV
3. Душин Е.В., Микулец Ю.И. Содержание глюкозы в крови и степень жировой инфильтрации печени у новотельных коров при разной питательной ценности рациона. // Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2008. № 2. С. 63-65.
4. Моршнева А.В. Транскрипционные факторы FoxO как многофункциональные регуляторы клеточных процессов. // Цитология. 2020. Т. 62, № 10. С. 687-698.
5. Паронян А.К. Сравнительный анализ программ предсказания структур белков на примере 14-3-3. // Вестник Российско-Армянского (Славянского) университета (серия: физико-математические и естественные науки). 2024. № 1. С. 56-60.
6. Паронян А.К. "De novo"-дизайн пептидов в качестве потенциальных модуляторов белка 14-3. // Вестник Российско-Армянского (Славянского) университета (серия: физико-математические и естественные науки). 2024. № 2. С. 80-93.
7. Седлов И.А., Случанко Н.Н. Большой загадочный мир белков 14-3-3 растений. // Успехи биологической химии. 2025. Т. 65. С. 3-54.
8. Случанко Н.Н., Гусев Н.Б. Белки семейства 14-3-3 и регуляция цитоскелета. // Успехи биологической химии. 2010. Т. 50. С. 69-116.
9. Anderson M.J., Viars C.S., Czekay S., Cavenee W.K., Arden K.C. Cloning and characterization of three human forkhead genes that comprise an FKHR-like gene subfamily. // Genomics. 1998. Vol. 47. nr 2. P. 187-199. Andjelić B., Djoković R., Cincović M. et al. Relationships between milk and blood biochemical parameters and metabolic status in dairy cows during lactation. // Metabolites. 2022. Vol. 12. nr 8. P. 733. doi: 10.3390/metabo12080733
10. Aschenbach J.R., Kristensen N.B. et al. Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: the secret of making sweet milk from sour dough. // IUBMB Life. 2010. Vol. 62. nr 12. P. 869-877. doi: 10.1002/iub.400
11. Awda B.J., Wood K.M., Keomanivong F.E. et al. The influence of pregnancy and plane of nutrition during pregnancy on maternal and fetal pancreatic digestive enzymes and serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology in beef cows. // Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. Vol. 96. P. 441-453. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0177
12. Bellacosa A., Testa J.R., Staal S.P., Tsichlis P.N. A retroviral oncogene, akt, encoding a serine-threonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. // Science. 1991. Vol. 254. nr 5029. P. 274-277.
13. Bertoni G., Trevisi E., Han X., Bionaz M. Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in puerperium period and consequences for performance in dairy cows. // J. Dairy Sci. 2008. Vol. 91. P. 3300-3310. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-0995
14. Biggs W.H. et al. Protein kinase B/Akt-mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear exclusion of the winged helix transcription factor FKHR1. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. Vol. 9. nr 13. P. 7421-7426.
15. Bobbo T., Fiore E., Gianesella M. et al. Variation in blood serum proteins and association with somatic cell count in dairy cattle from multi-breed herds. // Animal. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 2309-2319. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117001227.
16. Brake D.W., Titgemeyer E.C., Anderson, D.E. Duodenal supply of glutamate and casein both improve intestinal starch digestion in cattle but by apparently different mechanisms. // J. Anim. Sci. 2014. Vol. 92. P. 4057-4067. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-7909.
17. Brown K., Heller D.S., Zamudio S. et al. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) protein expression in human placenta across gestation. // Placenta. 2011. Vol. 32, nr 12. P. 1041–1049. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.014.
18. Brunet A., Bonni A., Zigmond M.J. et al. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. // Cell. 1999. Vol. 96. nr 6. P. 857-868.
19. Cao Y., Liu K., Liu,S. et al. Isoleucine regulates the synthesis of pancreatic enzymes via the activation of mRNA expression and phosphorylation in the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathways in pancreatic tissues. // BioMed Res. Int. 2019. Vol. 2019. P. 6302950. doi: 10.1155/2019/6302950
20. Cecchinato A., Bobbo T., Ruegg P.L. et al. Genetic variation in serum protein pattern and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and their relationships with udder health traits, protein profile, and cheese-making properties in Holstein cows. // J. Dairy Sci. 2018. Vol. 101. P. 11108–11119. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14907
21. Chankeaw W., Lignier S., Richard C. et al. Analysis of the transcriptome of bovine endometrial cells isolated by laser micro-dissection (1): specific signatures of stromal, glandular and luminal epithelial cells. // BMC Genomics. 2021. Vol. 22, nr 1. Art. 451. doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-07712-0
22. Chegeni M., Amiri M., Nichols B.L., Naim H.Y., Hamaker B.R. Dietary starch breakdown product sensing mobilizes and apically activates alpha-glucosidases in small intestinal enterocytes. // FASEB J. 2018. Vol. 32. P. 3903-3911. doi: 10.1096/fj.201701029R
23. Cherney D.J.R., Mertens D.R., Moore J.E. Fluid and particulate retention times in sheep as influenced by intake level and forage morphological composition. // J. Anim. Sci. 1991. Vol. 69. P. 413-422. doi: 10.2527/1991.691413x
24. Cho H., Jeon S.I., Ahn,C.H., Shim M.K, Kim K. Emerging albumin-binding anticancer drugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery: current understandings and clinical translation. // Pharmaceutics. 2022. nr 14. P. 728. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040728.
25. Chorfi Y., Lanevschi-Pietersma,A., Girard V., Tremblay A. Evaluation of variation in serum globulin concentrations in dairy cattle. // Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2004. Vol. 33. P. 122-127. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00360.x
26. Coffer P.J., Woodgett J.R. Molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel putative protein-serine kinase related to the cAMP-dependent and protein kinase C families. // Eur. J. Biochem. 1991. Vol. 201, nr 2. P. 475-481.
27. Colucci,P.E., MacLeod G.K., Grovum,W.L., McMillan I., Barney D.J. Digesta kinetics in sheep and cattle fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios at high and low intakes. // J. Dairy Sci. 1990. Vol. 73. P. 2143-2156. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78895-9
28. Crouse M.S., McLean K.J., Greseth N.P. et al. Maternal nutrition and stage of early pregnancy in beef heifers: Impacts on expression of glucose, fructose, and cationic amino acid transporters in utero-placental tissues. // J. Anim. Sci. 2017. Vol. 95. nr 12. P. 5563–5572. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1983
29. Cunningham J.T., Rodgers J.T., Arlow D.H. et al. mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative function through a YY1–PGC-1α transcriptional complex. // Nature. 2007. Vol. 450, nr 7170. P. 736–740. doi: 10.1038/nature06322
30. Dentin R., Liu Y., Koo S.H. et al. Insulin modulates gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the coactivator TORC2. // Nature. 2007. Vol. 449, nr 7160. P. 366-369. doi: 10.1038/nature06128
31. desBordes C.K., Welch J.G. Influence of specific gravity on rumination and passage of indigestible particles. // J. Anim. Sci. 1984. Vol. 59. P. 470-475. doi: 10.2527/jas1984.592470x
32. Dollar A.M., Porter J.W. Utilization of carbohydrates by the young calf. // Nature. 1957. Vol. 179. P. 1299-1300. doi: 10.1038/1791299a0
33. Fassah D.M., Jeong,J.Y., Baik M. Hepatic transcriptional changes in critical genes for gluconeogenesis following castration of bulls. // Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. Vol. 31, nr 4. P. 537–545. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0875
34. Fayard E. et al. Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a key mediator of the PI3K signaling pathway. // Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in Health and Disease: Volume 1. 2011. P. 31-56.
35. Ferkingstad,E., Sulem P., Atlason B.A. et al. Large-scale integration of the plasma proteome with genetics and disease. // Nature genetics. 2021. Vol. 53, nr 12. P. 1712-1721. doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00978-w
36. Fischer E.H., Krebs E.G. Conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in muscle extracts. // J. Biol. Chem. 1955. Vol. 216, nr 1. P. 121-132.
37. Frolova A.I., Moley K.H. Glucose transporters in the uterus: an analysis of tissue distribution and proposed physiological roles. // Reproduction. 2011. Vol. 142, nr 2. P. 211–220. doi: 10.1530/REP-11-0114Galili N., Davis R.J., Fredericks W.J. et al. Fusion of a fork head domain gene to PAX3 in human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. // Nat. Genet. 1993. Vol. 5, nr 3. P. 230-235.
38. ao H., Wu G., Spencer T.E. et al. Select Nutrients in the Ovine Uterine Lumen. II. Glucose Transporters in the Uterus and Peri-Implantation Conceptuses. // Biol. Reprod. 2009. Vol. 80, nr 1. P. 94–104. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.071654
39. Gilbert M.S., Pantophlet A.J., Berends H. et al. Fermentation in the small intestine contributes substantially to intestinal starch disappearance in calves. // J. Nutr. 2015. Vol. 145. P. 1147-1155. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.208595
40. Gonzalez A., Berg,M.D., Southey B., Dean M. Effect of estradiol and IGF1 on glycogen synthesis in bovine uterine epithelial cells. // Reproduction. 2022. Vol. 164, nr 3. P. 97–108. doi: 10.1530/REP-22-0040
41. Guo L., Liang Z., Zheng C. et al. Leucine affects α-amylase synthesis through PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathways in pancreatic acinar cells of dairy calves. // J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018. Vol. 66, nr 20. P. 5149–5156. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01111
42. Guo L., Tian,H., Shen J. et al. Phenylalanine regulates initiation of digestive enzyme mRNA translation in pancreatic acinar cells and tissue segments in dairy calves. // Biosci. Rep. 2018. Vol. 38, nr 1. BSR20171189. doi: 10.1042/BSR20171189
43. Gunter S.A., Judkins,M.B., Krysl L.J. et al. Digesta kinetics, ruminal fermentation characteristics and serum metabolites of pregnant and lactating ewes fed chopped alfalfa hay. // J. Anim. Sci. 1990. Vol. 68. P. 3821-3831. doi: 10.2527/1990.68113821x
44. antzidiamantis P.J., Awosika A.O., Lappin S.L. Physiology, glucose. // StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2024.
45. entz F., Batistel F. Characterization of genes and proteins involved in the absorption of long-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. // Front. Anim. Sci. 2024. Vol. 5. P. 1435257. doi: 10.3389/fanim.2024.1435257
46. ers H.G., Hue L. Gluconeogenesis and related aspects of glycolysis. // Annual Review of Biochemistry. 1983. Vol. 52, nr 1. P. 617-653. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003153
47. Horike N., Sakoda H., Kushiyama A., et al. AMP-activated protein kinase activation increases phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and thereby reduces cAMP-responsive element transcriptional activity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase C gene expression in the liver. // J. Biol. Chem. 2008. Vol. 283. nr 49. P. 33902–33910. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M802537200
48. untington G.B., Reynolds P.J. Net absorption of glucose, L-lactate, volatile fatty acids, and nitrogenous compounds by bovine given abomasal infusions of starch or glucose. // J. Dairy Sci. 1986. Vol. 69. P. 2428-2436. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80683-X
49. Hunziker W., Spiess M., Semenza G., Lodish H.F. The sucrase-isomaltase complex: Primary structure, membrane-orientation, and evolution of a stalked, intrinsic brush border protein. // Cell. 1986. Vol. 46. P. 227-234.
50. Huhtanen P., Vanhatalo A., Varvikko,T. Effects of abomasal infusions of histidine, glucose, and leucine on milk production and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed grass silage diets. // Journal of Dairy Science. 2002. Vol. 85. nr 1. P. 204-216. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74069-1
51. Jiang S.J., Dong H., Li J.B. et al. Berberine inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis via the LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 signaling pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. // World J. Gastroenterol. 2015. Vol. 21, nr 25. P. 7777–7785. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7777
52. Jing X.P., Wan,W.J., Degen A.A. et al. Small intestinal morphology and sugar transporters expression when consuming diets of different energy levels: Comparison between Tibetan and small-tailed Han sheep. // Animal. 2022. Vol. 16. P. 100463. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100463
53. Jones P.F., Jakubowicz T. et al. Molecular cloning and identification of a serine/threonine protein kinase of the second-messenger subfamily. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1991. Vol. 88. nr 10. P. 4171-4175.
54. Keomanivong F.E., Camacho L.E., Lemley C.O. et al. Effects of realimentation after nutrient restriction during mid-to late gestation on maternal and fetal pancreatic digestive enzymes, serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology. // J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2017. Vol. 101. P. 589-604. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12480
55. Keomanivong F.E., Grazul-Bilska A.T., Redme D.A. et al. The impact of diet and arginine supplementation on pancreatic mass, digestive enzyme activity, and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology during the estrous cycle in sheep. // Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2017. Vol. 59. P. 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.10.001
56. Keomanivong F.E., Lemley C.O., Camacho L.E. et al. Influence of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation of pregnant ewes on maternal and fetal pancreatic digestive enzymes and insulin-containing clusters. // Animal. 2016. Vol. 10. P. 440-448. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115002219
57. Kops G.J.P.L., de Ruiter N.D., De Vries-Smits A.M.M., Powell D.R., Bos J.L., Burgering B.M.T. Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. // Nature. 1999. Vol. 398. nr 6728. P. 630-634.
58. Krebs E.G., Fischer E.H. The phosphorylase b to a converting enzyme of rabbit skeletal muscle. // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1956. Vol. 20. nr 1. P. 150-157.
59. Kreikemeier K.K., Harmon D.L., Peters J.P., Gross K.L., Armendariz C.K., Krehbiel C.R. Influence of dietary forage and feed intake on carbohydrase activities and small intestinal morphology of calves. // J. Anim. Sci. 1990. Vol. 68. P. 2916-2929. doi: 10.2527/1990.6892916x
60. Kwon O. Glucose Metabolism. // Stroke Revisited: Diabetes in Stroke. / ed. S.H. Lee, D.W. Kang. Singapore: Springer, 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-5123-6_1
61. ekatz L.A., Camacho L.E., Swanson K.C., Vonnahme K.A. Maternal nutrient restriction and selenium supplementation alters the expression of proteins involved in small intestinal carbohydrate metabolism in fetal sheep. // Animal. 2010. Vol. 4. P. 1943-1952. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110001430
62. Liang Z., Jin C., Bai H. et al. Low rumen degradable starch promotes the growth performance of goats by increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscle via the AMPK-mTOR pathway. // Anim. Nutr. 2023. Vol. 13. P. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.006
63. iao S.F., Harmon D.L. et al. The small intestinal epithelia of beef steers differentially express sugar transporter messenger ribonucleic acid in response to abomasal versus ruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate. // J. Anim. Sci. 2010. Vol. 88. P. 306-314. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-1992
64. Liu K., Liu,Y., Liu,S.M. et al. Relationships between leucine and the pancreatic exocrine function for improving starch digestibility in ruminants. // J. Dairy Sci. 2015. Vol. 98. P. 2576-2582. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8404
65. iu Y., Dentin R., Chen D. et al. A fasting inducible switch modulates gluconeogenesis via activator/coactivator exchange. // Nature. 2008. Vol. 456. nr 7219. P. 269–273. doi: 10.1038/nature07349
66. Mace O.J., Affleck J., Patel N., Kellett G.L. Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2. // J. Physiol. 2007. Vol. 582. P. 379-392. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130906
67. cCollum F.T., Galyean M.L. Influence of cottonseed meal supplementation on voluntary intake, rumen fermentation and rate of passage of prairie hay in beef steers. // J. Anim. Sci. 1985. Vol. 60. P. 570-577. doi: 10.2527/jas1985.602570x
68. Montminy M., Koo S.H., Zhang X. The CREB family: key regulators of hepatic metabolism. // Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris). 2004. Vol. 65. nr 1. P. 73–75. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4266(04)95634-x
69. Naim H.Y., Heine M., Zimmer K.P. Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: Heterogeneity of inheritance, trafficking, and function of an intestinal enzyme complex. // J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012. Vol. 55 (Suppl. 2). P. S13-S20. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000421402.57633.4b
70. Nichols B.L., Avery S.E., Quezada-Calvillo R. et al. Improved starch digestion of sucrase-deficient shrews treated with oral glucoamylase enzyme supplements. // J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2017. Vol. 65. P. e35-e42. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001561
71. Nicholson K.M., Anderson N.G. The protein kinase B/Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. // Cell. Signal. 2002. Vol. 14. nr 5. P. 381-395.
72. Noziere P., Ortigues-Marty I., Loncke C., Sauvant D. Carbohydrate quantitative digestion and absorption in ruminants: from feed starch and fibre to nutrients available for tissues. // Animal. 2010. Vol. 4. P. 1057-1074. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110000844
73. Oba M., Kammes K.L. Symposium review: Effects of carbohydrate digestion on feed intake and fuel supply. // J. Dairy Sci. 2023. Vol. 106. P. 2153-2160. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-22420
74. Oh G.S., Kim S.R., Lee E.S. et al. Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by nuclear receptor coactivator 6. // Mol. Cells. 2022. Vol. 45. nr 4. P. 180–192. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2222
75. Ørskov E.R. Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants. // J. Anim. Sci. 1986. Vol. 63. P. 1624-1633. doi: 10.2527/jas1986.6351624x
76. Ørskov E.R., Mayes R.W., Mann S.O. Postruminal digestion of sucrose in sheep. // Br. J. Nutr. 1972. Vol. 28. P. 425-432.
77. Owens F.N., Zinn R.A. Corn grain for cattle: Influence of processing on site and extent of digestion. // In Proceedings of the 20th Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, USA, 24-25 February 2005. P. 86-112.
78. Owens F.N., Zinn R.A., Kim Y.K. Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. // J. Anim. Sci. 1986. Vol. 63. P. 1634-1648. doi: 10.2527/jas1986.6351634x
79. Perez-Matute P., López I.P., Íñiguez M. et al. IGF1R is a mediator of sex-specific metabolism in mice: Effects of age and high-fat diet. // Front. Endocrinol. 2022. Vol. 13. 1033208. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1033208
80. Piao M., Li F., Wang G. et al. Effects of supplementation of β-glucanase and glucoamylase on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and faecal microflora in weaning pigs. // Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. Vol. 18. P. 1394-1402. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2019.1656771
81. Puigserver P., Rhee J., Donovan J. et al. Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1–PGC-1α interaction. // Nature. 2003. Vol. 423. nr 6939. P. 550–555. doi: 10.1038/nature01667
82. Reid R.L., Jung G.A. et al. Comparative utilization of warm-and cool-season forages by cattle, sheep and goats. // J. Anim. Sci. 1990. Vol. 68. P. 2986-2994. doi: 10.2527/1990.6892986x
83. Remillard R.L., Johnson D.E., Lewis L.D., Nockels C.F. Starch digestion and digesta kinetics in the small intestine of steers fed on a maize grain and maize silage mixture. // Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1990. Vol. 30. P. 79-89. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(90)90053-B
84. Rena G., Guo S., Cichy K.A., Unterman T.G., Cohen P. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead family member FKHR by protein kinase B. // J. Biol. Chem. 1999. Vol. 274. nr 24. P. 17179-17183.
85. Richards C.J., Swanson K.C., Paton S.J., Harmon D.L., Huntington G.B. Pancreatic exocrine secretion in steers infused postruminally with casein and cornstarch. // J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol. 81. P. 1051-1056. doi: 10.2527/2003.8141051x
86. Rigout S., Hurtaud C., Lemosquet S., Bach A., Rulquin H. Lactational effect of propionic acid and duodenal glucose in cows. // J. Dairy Sci. 2003. Vol. 86. P. 243-253. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73603-0
87. Røjen B.A., Lund P., Kristensen N.B. Urea and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in Holstein cows fed a low-nitrogen grass-based diet. // Animal. 2008. Vol. 2. P. 500-513. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108001547
88. Rowell-Schäfer A., Lechner-Doll M., Hofmann R.R., Streich W.J., Güven,B., Meyer H.H.D. Metabolic evidence of a ‘rumen bypass’ or a ‘ruminal escape’of nutrients in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2001. Vol. 128. P. 289-298. doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00305-6
89. Ruiz-De-La-Cruz G., Welsh Jr T.H., Randel R.D., Sifuentes-Rincón A.M. A comprehensive systematic review coupled with an interacting network analysis identified candidate genes and biological pathways related to bovine temperament. // Genes. 2024. Vol. 15. nr 8. 981. doi: 10.3390/genes15080981
90. Screaton R.A., Conkright M.D., Katoh Y. et al. The CREB coactivator TORC2 functions as a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector. // Cell. 2004. Vol. 119. nr 1. P. 61-74. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.015
91. Seal C.J., Reynolds C.K. Nutritional implications of gastrointestinal and liver metabolism in ruminants. // Nutrition Research Reviews. 1993. Vol. 6. nr 1. P. 185-208. doi: 10.1079/NRR19930012
92. Steinhauser C.B., Landers M., Myatt L. et al. Fructose synthesis and transport at the uterine-placental interface of pigs: cell-specific localization of SLC2A5, SLC2A8, and components of the polyol pathway. // Biol. Reprod. 2016. Vol. 95. nr 5. 108. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.142174
$193. Swanson K., Harmon D. 505 Influence of abomasal sucrose infusion on small intestinal disaccharidase activity in lambs. // J. Anim. Sci. 1997. Vol. 75. P. 263. doi: 10.2527/2004.82103015x.
94. Thomä N.H., Leadlay P.F. Mechanistic and structural studies on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. // Biochemical Society Transactions. 1998. Vol. 26. nr 3. P. 293-298. doi: 10.1042/bst0260293
95. Toral P.G., Monahan F.J., Hervás G., Frutos P., Moloney A.P. Review: modulating ruminal lipid metabolism to improve the fatty acid composition of meat and milk. Challenges and opportunities. // Animal. 2018. Vol. 12. P. s272-s281. doi: 10.1017/S1751731118001994
96. Trotta R.J., Harmon D.L., Matthews J.C., Swanson K.C. Nutritional and physiological constraints contributing to limitations in small intestinal starch digestion and glucose absorption in ruminants. // Ruminants. 2021. Vol. 2. P. 1-26. doi: 10.3390/ruminants2010001
97. Trotta R.J., Lemley C.O., Vonnahme K.A., Swanson K.C. Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation from mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep. // Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2021. Vol. 74. P. 106555. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106555
98. Trotta R.J., Sitorski L.G., Acharya S., Brake D.W., Swanson K.C. Duodenal infusions of starch with casein or glutamic acid influence pancreatic and small intestinal carbohydrase activities in cattle. // J. Nutr. 2020. Vol. 150. P. 784-791. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz319
99. Trotta R.J., Vasquez-Hidalgo M.A., Vonnahme K.A., Swanson K.C. Effects of nutrient restriction during midgestation to late gestation on maternal and fetal postruminal carbohydrase activities in sheep. // J. Anim. Sci. 2020. Vol. 98. nr 1. skz393. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz393
100. Trotta R.J., Ward A.K., Swanson K.C. Influence of dietary fructose supplementation on visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of genes involved in small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation in neonatal calves. // J. Dairy Sci. 2020. Vol. 103. P. 10060-10073. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-18145
101. Walker D.M. The development of the digestive system of the young animal III. Carbohydrase enzyme development in the young lamb. // J. Agric. Sci. 1959. Vol. 53. P. 374-380. doi: 10.1017/S0021859600020797
102. Wongkittichote P., Mew N.A., Chapman K.A. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase–a review. // Molec. Genet. Metab. 2017. Vol. 122. nr 4. P. 145-152. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.00
103. Yang J., Li Y., Sun M. et al. Associations of rumen and rectum bacteria with the sustained productive performance of dairy cows. // Front. Microbiol. 2025. Vol. 16. 1565034. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1565034
104. Yeoman C.J., White B.A. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota and probiotics in production animals. // Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 469–486. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114149
105. Young J.W. Gluconeogenesis in cattle: significance and methodology. // J. Dairy Sci. 1977. Vol. 60, nr 1. P. 1-5. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83821-6
Zinn R.A., Owens F.N., Ware R.A. Flaking corn: Processing mechanics, quality standards, and impacts on energy availability and performance of feedlot cattle. // J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol. 80. P. 1145-1156. doi: 10.2527/2002.8051145x Zorrilla-Rios J., Owens F.N., Horn G.W., McNew R.W. Effect of ammoniation of wheat straw on performance and digestion kinetics in cattle. // J. Anim. Sci. 1985. Vol. 60. P. 814-821. doi: 10.2527/jas1985.603814x