Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
1Cherepanov G.G., 2Mikhalskii A.I.
1Institute of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Borovsk, Russian Federation; 2Trapeznikov Institute of Control Scienses RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
ABSTRACT. The main reason for the reduction in longevity of high producing animals is the lack of effective viability tests for inclusion in the selection indices and monitoring this feature by the using of intensive technologies. Using a retrospective analysis of data on breeding records, it had been shown previously that the length of productive life in dairy cows is determined to some extent by the level of "constitutive resistance" (age-dependent ability to maintain function of milk production) and vitality (the inverse probability of culling) during the first lactation. It follows from this that the estimate of the viability reserves and the prediction of the lifespan for production animals can be done at a young age, but, as the data obtained have the character of circumstantial evidence, it is necessary to confirm these data in direct experiments on animals. The purpose of this work was a systematization and critical analysis of scientific results obtained in recent years in the related fields of biology, and the studying of the possible targets in preliminary research to develop tests for assessing viability and forecasting the length of productive life. Main sections of the article are health, homeostasis and viability; homeorhesis, epigenetics and longevity; concept of the hierarchical structure of the resistance; modification of epigenetic mechanisms of longevity; genetic and cellular factors of aging. The analysis showed that the problems of viability and longevity of organisms and populations, although they are fundamental in modern biology, they still are not well defined even at the level of theoretical concepts. The principal difficulty here is that research in this area does require the creation of institutional prerequisites for long-term collaboration of scientists from various scientific arias. Possible candidates for the role of the tests for prediction of longevity is not to be sought in terms of the physiological homeostasis, more likely they may be found in the action area of the constitutive and epigenetic factors of longevity. To prolong the productive life, the "initial" value of resistance has to be increased. This can be achieved by improving selection, eliminating adverse deviations during embryonic, fetal and postnatal development, and application of technological impact at a young age that enhance the reproductive efficiency.
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