Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»
ABSTRACT. In today’s livestock industry, the feeding of cattle is performed on a basis of guaranteed level of nutrition. In so doing, the calculations are performed not on averaged animal, but on the most productive part of the herd, ignoring individual variability of requirements for nutrients and energy. A negative consequence of this approach is an overfeeding of the most of livestock, an increase in the risk of metabolic disorders and animal diseases, and an overrun of feeds does significantly reduce the profitability of production. As animal performance increases, the requirements to an accuracy of diet formulation are significantly elevated, but periodically introduced additions and refinements don’t not fundamentally solve this problem. An alternative approach is to implement the conception of feeding control based on integral assessment of current adequacy of nutrition to needs of the organism, i.e. on-line control. According to this conception, research should be focused on the developing of the effective methods to assess the physiological state of the organism and to evaluate the provision of animals by nutrients. The methods should be developed for early diagnostics of subclinical forms of diseases caused by an unbalanced diet. Developed techniques to predict an ability of animals to uptake and assimilate large amounts of feed can also be used to improve the selection process.
REFERENCES
1. Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC). Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients // Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals: energy. Nutr. Abstr. 1990, 60(10): 729-804.
2. Aliev A.A. Operativnye metody issledovanii sel’skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh (Surgery methods in research of farm animals). Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1974, 336 p.
3. Black J.L., Davies G.T., Fleming J.F. Role of computer simulation in the application of knowledge to animal industrie. Austr. J. Agr. Res. 1993, 44: 541-555.
4. Bogdanov G. O., Kandiba V. M. Normi і ratsіoni povnotsіnnoї godіvlі visokoproduktivnoї velikoї rogatoї khudobi: dovіdnik-posіbnik (Norms and diets for full-value nutrition of high-producing cattle: a reference book). Kiїv: Agrarna naukaPubl., 2012, 296 p. .
5. Bublik V.N. Molochnoe I myasnoe skotovodstvo - Dairy and Meat Cattle Breeding. 1990, 77: 25-28.
6. Chagas L.M., Bass J.J., Blache D. New perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90(9): 4022-4032.
7. Cherepanov G.G., Makar Z.N. Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk – Advances in Physiological Sciences. 2007, 38(1): 74-85.
8. Cherepanov G.G. Problemy biologii productivnykh zhivotnykh - Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2007, 1: 13-20.
9. Danfaer A. A dynamic model of nutrient digestion and metabolism in lactating dairy cows. 671 Report from the National Institute of Animal Science. Denmark, 1990.
10. Hanigan M.D., Crompton L.A., Bequette B.J., Mills J.A.N., France J. Modelling mammary metabolism in the dairy cow to predict milk conctituent yield, with emphasis on amino acid metabolism and milk protein production: model evaluation. J. Theor. Biol. 2002, 2017: 311-330.
11. INRA. Ruminant nutrition. Recommended allowances and feed tables. Paris: INRA, 1989, 389 p.
12. Kalashnikov A.P., Fisinin V.I., Shcheglov V.V., Kleimenov N.I. (Eds). Normy I ratsiony dlya sel’skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh (Feeding norms and diets for farm animals, Eds.). Мoscow: – Russ. Acad. Agric. Sci. Publ., 2003, 456 p.
13. Kalyuzhnyi I. I. Veterinariya - Veterinary Medicine. 1981, 1: 60.
14. Kalyuzhnyi I. I. Atsidoz rubtsa (Acidosis of rumen). Extended Abstract of Diss. Dr. Sci, Vet., Voronezh, 1996, 21 p.
15. Kal’nitskii B.D., Cherepanov G.G. Problemy biologii productivnykh zhivotnykh - Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2012, 1: 55-65.
16. Kal’nitskii B.D., Kharitonov E.L. Doklady Rossiiskoi Academii Sel’skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk - Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2010, 4: 46-49.
17. Kharitonov E.L., Makar Z.N. Problemy biologii productivnykh zhivotnykh - Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2014, 3: 81-91.
18. Kharitonov E.L. Problemy biologii productivnykh zhivotnykh - Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2008, 4: 42-71.
19. Makar Z.N. Regulyatsiya krovosnabzheniya i funktsional’noi aktivnosti molochnoi zhelezy u zhvachnykh zhivotnykh (Regulation of mammary blood supply and functional activity in ruminants). Extended Abstract of Diss. Dr. Sci. Biol., Borovsk, 2012, 48 p.
20. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements for dairy cattle. Washington: Natl. Acad. Sci., 2001, 381 p.
21. Privalo O.E., Chepelev N.A., Privalo K.I., Zhilyaeva L.S., Pis’mennyi V.L. Vestnik Kurskoi gosudarstvennoi sel’khozakademii – Herald of Kursk State Agricultural Academy. 2012, 2: 91-94.
22. Ryadchikov V.G. In: Politematicheskii setevoi elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta (Poly thematic net scientific journal of Kuban State Agrarian University). 2006, 03(019): 1-23. Available at:http://ej.kubagro.ru/2006/03/pdf/01.pdf
23. Surovtsev V.N., Nikulina Yu.N. Molochnaya promyshlennost’ - Milk Industry. 2012, 6. Available at: http://www.agritimes.ru/articles/1491/
24. Tsvigun A. T., Blyusyuk S. N., Tsvigun O. A. Zootekhnicheskaya nauka Belarusi – Zootechnics in Belarus. 2011, 46(2): 188-194.
25. Tsyupko V.V. Uglevodno-zhirovoi obmen v organizme zhvachnykh zhivotnykh i obrazovanie molochnogo zhira u korov (Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in ruminants and milk fat formation in cows). Extended Abstract of Diss. Dr. Sci. Biol., Khar’kov, 1973, 62 p.
26. Tsyupko V.V. Normirovannoe kormlenie krupnogo rogatogo skota molochnogo i kombinirovannogo napravleniya produktivnosti (metodicheskie rekomendatsii) (Recommended allowances and feed tables for dairy and combined cattle:methodic recommendation). Khar’kov: Inst. Anim Husb. Pudl., 1995, 75 p.
27. Tsyupko V.V. In: Fiziologo-biokhimicheskoe obosnovanie normirovaniya energeticheskogo pitaniya vysokoproduktivnykh zhivotnykh (Physiological and biochemical basis of rational energy nutrition of high-producing animals). Borovsk: Inst. Anim. Physiol. Biochem. Nutr. Publ., 1975, P. 112-113.
28. Vasilevskii N.V. Dostupnost’ syrogo proteina dlya perevarivaniya v tonkom kishechnike i postuplenie endogennogo azota v slozhnyi zheludok bychkov (Availability of crude protein for digestion in small intestine and flux of endogenic nitrogen into fore stomach in growing bulls). Extended Abstract of Diss. Cand. Sci, Biol., Khar'kov, 1993, 19 p.
29. Vasilevskii N.V. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii byulleten’ instituta zhivotnovodstva UAAN - Bull. Inst. Anim. Husb. Ukraine. 2007, 95: S. 33-37.
30. Vasilevskii N.V., Eletskaya T.A., Tsyupko V.V., Berestovaya L.E., Klimishen I. Problemy biologii productivnykh zhivotnykh - Problems of Productive Animal Biology. 2013, 1: 67-74.
E-RESOURSES:
1. Avtomat dlya razdachi kontsentrirovannykh kormov Lely Cosmix P (Automatic machine for distribution of concentrates Lely Cosmix P). Available at: http://molochka.com/rus/catalog/e/avtomat-dlya-razdachi-kontsentrirovannyukh-kormov-lely-cosmix-p.html
2. Avtomatizirovannoe kormlenie KRS (Automatic feeding of cattle). Available at: http://sib-agro.com/Разведение-и-содержание-КРС/Автоматизированное-кормление-КРС.html
3. Avtomaticheskoe dozirovanie korma (Automatic dosage of feed). Available at: http://asu.hectes.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=20
4. Individual’naya razdacha korma v zavisimosti ot urovnya laktatsii, molochnoi produktivnosti i kachestva grubykh kormov. Kormovaya stantsiya Lely Cosmix (Individual distribution of feed taking into account milk yield and forage quality. Feeding station Lely Cosmix). Available at: http://www.lely.com/ru/feeding/individual-feeder/cosmix-p/how-it-works_2/individual-feed-supply
5. Muzyka A.A. Kontseptsiya rekonstruktsii i perspektivy avtomatizatsii molochnykh ferm. Belorusskii nauchno-issledovatel’skii institut zhivotnovodstva (Conception of reconstruction and perspectives of the automation of dairy farms. Belarus Institute of Animal Husbandry). Available at: http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/texsts/rus/stat/st293.htm
6. Kormorazdatchik-dozator (Feed distributor –dosage machine). Available at: http://www.findpatent.ru/patent/217/2170008.html
7. Sistema avtomaticheskogo kormleniya v doil’nom zale (System of automatic feeding in milking hall). Available at: http://www.unibox.by/technology/agricultural-technology/milk-farm/special-options/?id=87
8. Perspektivnye mekhanizmy integratsii proizvoditelei i pererabotchikov moloka, obespechenie syr’em (Perspective mechanisms of the integrating milk producers and providing r processors by milk). Available at: http://www.agritimes.ru/articles/1491/Перспективные-механизмы-интеграции-производителей-и-переработчиков-молока-обеспечение-сырьем